A temporary electric field is an electric field that is applied for a brief period and then removed. In the context of cellular biology and biotechnology, temporary electric fields are used in techniques such as electroporation, which is a method for introducing foreign molecules into cells. In electroporation, a temporary electric field is applied to…

The movement of ions across the plasma membrane is essential for various cellular processes, including maintaining the proper balance of ions inside and outside the cell, generating electrical signals, and regulating cellular activities. There are two primary mechanisms through which ions can cross the plasma membrane: Both passive and active transport mechanisms are crucial for…

The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is a thin, flexible, selectively permeable barrier that surrounds and encloses the contents of a cell. It is composed of a lipid bilayer, which consists primarily of phospholipids, along with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and glycolipids. The plasma membrane serves several critical functions, including: Embedded proteins within…