The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance found within cells that occupies the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It is composed of water, salts, ions, proteins, and various other organic molecules. The cytoplasm serves as the medium in which cellular organelles are suspended and where numerous biochemical reactions and cellular processes occur. The…

Electroporation is a technique that uses an electric field to temporarily increase the permeability of cell membranes, allowing the introduction of foreign molecules into the cell. The mechanism of action (MOA) for electroporation can be summarized in the following steps: Electroporation is widely used in biological research and has potential applications in gene therapy, drug…

Nonviral gene therapy refers to the use of nonviral methods to deliver genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, into a patient’s cells to treat or prevent diseases. These methods can offer several advantages over viral-based gene therapy, including reduced immunogenicity, a lower risk of insertional mutagenesis, and the ability to carry larger therapeutic genes.…